Repsol YPF
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Here you can find the meaning of terms related to the contents found in this section. Click on each word to access its description.
- ACEA
- Admission
- Admission valve
- Air inlet valves
- Anti-corrosion
- Anti-foaming
- Antioxidant
- Anti-rusting
- Aromatic content
- ASTM
- Carbonous deposits
- Cetane number
- Charge
- Cleaning
- Combustion chamber
- Combustion
- Common rail
- Compression
- Compressor
- Corrosion
- Cubic capacity
- Cylinder
- Delay time
- Detergency
- Detergent
- Diesel cycle
- Diesel e+
- Diesel injection pump
- Diesel, Rudolf
- Dieselization
- Direct fuel injection
- Dirtying
- Discharge valve
- Dispersant
- Dosage
- DPM
- Exhaust fumes
- Exhaust
- Expansion
- Extra-diesel
- Feeding system
- Flash point
- Foam persistency
- Foaming power
- Fuel circuit
- Fuel filter
- Fuel injection system
- Fuel pump
- Gas-oil injection
- Gas-oil
- Head input
- HP
- Hydrocarburates
- I+D
- Indicators
- Inflammation
- Injecting pump
- Injector pump
- Injector
- Lower dead centre (LDC)
- NOx
- Nozzle
- Output
- Oxidation
- Petrol refining
- Petrol
- Piston
- Polluting emissions
- Post-injection
- Power curve
- Recirculation of exhaust fumes
- Residual flow
- Single duct
- Specific consumption
- Spraying
- Spraying level
- Super-diesel
- Tank
- TDI
- Test
- Top dead centre (TDC)
- Turbocharger
- Valve
- WWFC
ACEA
Sign of the Asociación de Constructores Europeos de Automóviles (European Car Manufacturers Association)Admission
The phase during which the filling of the cylinder is produced. While the admission valve is open and the piston goes down, from the top dead centre (TDC) to the lower dead centre (LDC). The empty space which the piston leaves is transmitted through the inlet duct in order to collect air from the atmosphere and introduce it into the engine. In diesel engines admission is only produced with air.Admission valve
This is in charge of making way for the mixture in the inside of the cylinder opening or closing the ducts of the admission collectors. They are kept open in the admission cycle and are closed in the three remaining ones.Air inlet valves
Channelling found in the cylinder head in order to join the manifolds to the combustion chamber. They are carried out from the smelting of the cylinder head and its extremes are simply mechanized in the combustion chamber in order to place seats in the valves. Its design and superficial finish affect the filling of the cylinders.Anti-corrosion
Element or characteristics of an element which avoids the oxidation of a material by making the reaction of oxygen with the protected material difficult.Anti-foaming
Element or characteristic of an element used in order to avoid the formation of foam when a liquid is beaten or has air inlets.Antioxidant
Element or characteristics of an element which avoids the oxidation of a material by making the reaction of oxygen with the protected material difficult (See Anti-corrosion)Anti-rusting
Element or characteristic of an element used in order to avoid condensation and the accumulation of water on the surface of a material. It prevents rust from forming on the material.Aromatic content
This is said of unsaturated cyclical molecules, whose stability is greater than that of open-chain structures with an equal number of multiple links.Carbonous deposits
A solid material which a high C/H relationship, its origins are varied, from the residue of combsution to condensation of fuel degrading products.Cetane number
Used in fuels in order to classify them according to their level of self-inflammation. The number is obtained after comparing ignition characteristics given with two mixtures of reference. A fuel which has a cetane number of 50 indicates that, for the same delay, it needs an intermediate pressure between that which is required by the cetane and Alpha-Methyl-Naphthalene. The higher the cetane number, the lower the ignition delay is due to the start of the fuels chemical reaction.Charge
This is the filling of the mixture of air and fuel in the cylinders and depends on the position of the accelerator. A partial charge is when the accelerator is activated halfway and full charge is when the accelerator is completely activated. For a diesel engine the charge is controlled with the flow of fuel injected by the pump, as there does not exist a throttle in the inlet duct.Cleaning
A property of the fuel to avoid the depositing of impurities and acidic products on the inner walls of the engine. This property indicates the fuels capacity to clean the engine internally (see Detergency)Combustion chamber
Cavity in which combustion is carried out and which is formed by the cylinder head and the upper part of the piston. In the combustion chamber the valves which allow gases to enter and leave the inside of the cylinder are foundCombustion
The auto-inflammation of the petrol inside the cylinder caused by the high temperature of the air in compression where, from the fuel and air, heat, work and exhaust fumes are obtainedCommon rail
Injection system through a common duct which transfers fuel at an elevated pressure with the aim of improving performance and reducing consumption (see Single duct)Compression
Phase in the running of a combustion engine where the compression of gases is produced which have entered the interior of the cylinder during admission. During this phase, the piston makes an ascending journey from the lower dead centre (LDC) to the top dead centre (TDC). The volume of the cylinder is reduced to the content of th combustion chamber.Corrosion
Gradual destruction of metal elements due to action by external agents, should its form persist or not (see Oxidation)Cubic capacity
The sum of unitary volumes of each cylinder of an engine which is normally indicated in cubic centimetres or litres. It is obtained by multiplying the surface of the piston-stroke by the number of cylinders. In the USA the cubic inch measurement is used, which is the equivalent to 16.4 cubic centimetresCylinder
Cavity of the block of the engine along which the piston moves about in its alternative journey. The cylinder may be mechanized directly from the block or, also, formed by a casing which is placed in the blockDelay time
This is the period of time which passes by between fuel admission (gas-oil) and its subsequent inflammationDetergency
A property of the fuel to avoid the depositing of impurities and degrading products on the inner walls of the engine. This property indicates the fuels capacity to clean the engine internally (see Cleaning)Detergent
A substance which is added to the fuel in order to increase its detergency properties, that is to say, it prevents impurities arising from combustion and the degrading of oil and / or fuel from sticking to the inner walls of the engine.Diesel cycle
A thermodynamic cycle used in the manufacturing of petrol-fed engines. It is made up of four stages: air intake, compression, expansion and exhaustDiesel e+
The new fuel by Repsol YPF from the automobile section which is ahead of its time, with properties which exceed the highest of demands set by car manufacturers. See moreDiesel injection pump
Element of the feeding system, whose end use is for the distribution of the fuel to the different cylinders, by means of the injectors, for combustion. The diesel injection pump is in charge of extraction of the fuel, of the regulation of the regime, of the advance of the injection, of stopping the engine. In short, it is the heart of diesel motorizationDiesel, Rudolf
1858-1913, German engineer and designer of the thermodynamic diesel cycle, used for engines which run on gas-oilDirect fuel injection
A type of system which injects a quantity of fuel, by means of an injector, directly into the inside of the cylinder. It can be found both in diesel fuel injection and in petrol fuel injectionDirtying
Depositing of particles in engine ducts and parts which may subsequently affect the engines performanceDischarge valve
Also known as waste gate. It is placed in turbocharged engines between the compressor element and the admission inlets. It prevents the pressure in the admission collector from being able to exceed a determined value and from damaging the engines components. The valve allows part of the air from admission to escape when pressure exceeds the valves settingsDispersant
A substance which is added to the fuel in order to prevent the agglommeration of insoluble impurities found in larger particles with an abrasive capacity and which have a tendency towards building up in the engineDosage
The relation which exists between the elements of a mixture. The correct dosage is achieved when the proportions of the elements are adqeuate. In the case of air and fuel, the correct dosage is attained when the fuel can react with the air without there being too much or too little oxygen left overDPM
Abbreviation of the diesel particles present in the exhaust emissions. It is a complex aggregate of solid material and liquidExhaust fumes
The burnt gases which are released into the atmosphere through the exhaust pipe during the exhaust phaseExhaust
This is the final phase of the combustionprocess and starts when the exhaust valve is opened and the piston goes up from the Lower Dead Centre (LDC) to the Top Dead Centre (TDC). The burnt gases escape into the atmosphere by means of an escape duct due to the difference in pressure. The exhaust phase ends giving way to the admission phaseExpansion
A phase in the working cycle of a combustion engine where the expansion of burnt gases is produced. It is the only time that the piston works using the crankshaft. During the expansion phase the piston is pushed due to the pressure of the gases from the Lower Dead Centre (LDC) to the Top Dead Centre (TDC). It ends when the exhaust valve is openedFeeding system
An ensemble of elements which allows for the storage, pumping, filtration and injection of fuel to the combustion chamberFlash point
The temperature and pressure in which the fuel is heated before the first flames appear and combustion startsFoam persistency
The time it takes the superficial foam to disappear after turbulence is generated in the fuelFuel circuit
This is the trajectory which the fuel makes by means of the feeding system and, then, by the combustion chamberFuel filter
An element which is situated in the feeding system which is used in order to collect the impurities in suspension in the fuel which may cause damage to engine parts. It is made of cellulose paper, cotton and synthetic materials. The paper is placed in a metal casing which prevents it from becoming deformed due to the pressure of the liquid. The casing is placed in a cartridge which in turn is placed before the high-pressure pumpFuel injection system
A section of the feeding system in which the fuel supply is carried out by means of injectors in the combustion chamberFuel pump
Element of the circuit feeder, which is in charge of taking fuel to the injection pump, preventing the circuit from discharging, with the engine being stopped, towards the fuel tank. The fuel pump is situated in the engines fuel tankGas-oil injection
An injection system which is based on the influx of fuel filtered to an injection pump which, in turn, supplies fuel to the injectors. As with petrol injection, there are direct fuel injection systems and indirect fuel injection systems, which use precombustion chambersGas-oil
Mixture of hydrocarburates originating from the fractioned distillation of the petrol which is used as fuel in some vehiclesHead input
This is the relation between the maximum power obtained from an engine and its cubic capacity. It is used to compare the performance of engines with different cubic capacities. The specific higher power is obtained from engines of a smaller cubic capacities which can spin at high revolutions. There are car engines which do 100 or 120 HP per litre, whereas in motorcycles there are four stroke engines which reach 200 HP per litre and two stroke engines which reach 260 HP per litreHP
Abbreviation of Horse Power, a unit of measurement for mechanical power which is being replaced by Kilowatts, a unit of power from the international systemIndicators
A sample which is taken from an experimental analysis, which is used as a reference in the evaluation of results from the part which has been analysedInflammation
A phenomenon in which the appearance of flames is caused in order to generate the combustion of the gas-oilInjecting pump
The special feature of the technology of the injector pump is an extremely high injection pressure of up to 2000 bars, which at the moment has not been bettered by any other system. In combination with fuel exit orifices in the injector with diametres as small as possible, the high pressure achieves exceptional diffusion and, therefore, a very efficient combustion. The injecting pump is found in only one UIS set or in a separate UPSInjector pump
System of diesel injection which consists od separating each injecting body of an in-line pump and place it close to the combustion chamber. Each injector stops being activated by the axis of the pump and is activated directly from a cog situated in the cog-shaft. The control of the flow injected can be made electronically by means of a switchboard. The advantage which it has is the reduced journey of the fuel when it is submitted to high pressure, preventing fluctuations which appear in the ducts of the in-line or rotating pumps. It can work at pressures of injection higher than 2,000 barsInjector
A component of the fuel injection system which is charge of the injection of fuel to the inside of the cylinder or to its admission inlet or as in the case of diesel engines to the pre-combustion chamber. The injector may be mechanical, as in the case of the injector of a diesel motorization, or mechanical as in the case of petrol motorizationLower dead centre (LDC)
Situation which the piston reaches when it changes direction (going up instead of down). At that moment the speed of the piston is zero and the volume of the cylinder maximum. At this point, the piston is situated in the lowest point along its journey. In a complete cycle of a four stroke engine two lower dead centres are achieved. One on completion of the admission phase and the other when the expansion phase finishesNozzle
A regulating device situated at the end of the hose which is used to control the flow of fuel from the dispenser pump to the cars petrol tankOutput
Quantity of work carried out in a unit of tiem. The power of an engine is measured in horse power (HP) or in kilowatts (Kw) in the international system. This is obtained by multiplying the engine par by the number of revolutions and adjusting the units. The maximum power is obtained at a level higher than that of the maximum par. The worst filling of the cylinder is compensated for with a greater quantity of explosions per minutePetrol refining
Process in which each of the by-products deriving from the distilling process of the petrol (thermal separation) are refined or made purerPetrol
A natural oleaginous and inflammable liquid, made up of a mixture of hydrocarburates, which is extracted from continental or sea geological beds. By means of diverse distilling operations and refining different products are obtained which can be used as energy or in industry, such as petroleum, naphtha, kerosene, gas-oil, etcPiston
A mobile element of the alternating internal combustion engine which is in charge of compressing the mixture, close the combustion chamber in the lower part and collecting energy developed during the expansion of the burnt gases. It is connected to the crankshaft by means of the rivet and the connecting rod. In its periphery there are several segments which are in charge of keeping the combustion chamber stuck to the cylinder. The piston is divided in the head and in the skirt. The head in the upper part and the skirt is in charge of accommodating the rivet and guiding the piston on its way through the cylinderPolluting emissions
A mixture of gases, vapours and particles in suspension which are contained in exhaust gases which cause pollutionPost-injection
The injection of fuel in diesel engines which is carried out in engines with delays to the top dead centre of the piston. This injection provides a fuel which cannot be burnt inside the cylinder due to a lack of time and of nearby oxygen. The fuel is burnt during the exhaust phase, with the temperature of these gases being raised considerably on being released into the atmosphere. This type of injection is used in order to raise the working temperature of the catalytic convertor and make its regeneration easier. Only new diesel injection systems with a single duct and which are fitted with a regenerating catalytic convertor can use this system. Post-injection only acts for a time in order to maintain the good condition of the catalytic convertor. It has no other use apart from this functionPower curve
Graphic representation of the power developed by the engine during all work regimes. Power is obtained through multiplying the engine par by the number of revolutions and the adjust the units. The maximum power indicates the greater capacity of an engine to carry out a task in the least time possibleRecirculation of exhaust fumes
This is used to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by lowering the temperature of the combustion chamber, preventing the combination of nitrogen with oxygen at high temperatures. Recirculation is produced when the engine is partially charged whilst being stationaryResidual flow
Flow of fuel (volume per unit of time) which the injector continues to follow after a determined period of timeSingle duct
The name given to the diesel fuel injection system which was developed by the Fiat and Magneti Marelli group and industrialized by Bosch. The idea is to apply feeding technology of multipoint petrol fuel injection engines to diesel engines. The system is formed by a high pressure pump which sends fuel by means of a pressure regulator to the single duct, to which all the injectors are connected. The fuel, due to the pressure of the single duct, goes out through the injectors when they are fed electronically by means of an electronic switchboard. The time of injection and its duration are determined by the switchboard by means of several sensors which inform of the working of the engine and the drivers desires. This system allows a pre-injection, main injection and post-injection to be carried out freely without the limitations of mechanical pumps (see Common Rail)Specific consumption
The relation which exists between the fuel which is introduced into the combustion chamber in order to be burnt and supply a determined unit of power and for a determined period of time. It indicates the performance which is obtained from a fuel according to the exploitation achieved by the engine. The engines with lower specific consumption are direct fuel injection diesel engines, followed by pre-chamber diesel engines, direct fuel injection petrol engines and indirect fuel injection petrol enginesSpraying level
The measurement of size and the segregation of the fine drops of fuel in the combustion chamberTop dead centre (TDC)
Situation the piston reaches when it changes direction from upwards to downwards. At that time, the speed of the piston is zero and the volume of the cylinder minimal. At this point, the piston is in the highest part of its journey. In a complete cycle of a four stroke engine two top dead centres are achieved. One on completion the compression phase and the other on completion of the exhaust phaseTurbocharger
Supercharging mechanism which can be used in petrol or diesel engines (the latter being greatly accepted). It consists of compressing the air which enters the inside of the cylinder using the kinetic energy which the exhaust gases have when they are released into the atmosphereValve
The part which is in charge of opening and closing the cylinders air inlet and outlet ducts. It consists of a head which rests in the seat of the combsution chamber and which by means of a connecting rod is joined to the spring which keeps it closed and which also puts in contact with the lever that opens it. Valves are of admission when they are placed in the air inlet and exhuast ducts when they are in the burnt gases outlet ducts